Donkey Secondary Antibodies
Biotium Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, non-receptor type 6(CPTC-PTPN6-2), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
PTPN6, which is also designated as SHP-1, is expressed primarily in hematopoietic cells and characterized by the presence of two SH2 domains N-terminal to the PTP domain. It maps to 12p13, a region commonly involved in leukemia-associated chromosomal abnormalities. SHP-1 plays a role in modulating intracellular signaling for various molecules. In T-cell lymphomas and other malignancies, SHP-1 phosphatase expression is lost, by a thus far undetermined mechanism. Preliminary studies suggest that it may be helpful in differentiating mantle/marginal zone lymphomas (SHP-1 ) from follicular lymphomas (SHP-1 negative). Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness and photostability. Note: Conjugates of blue fluorescent dyes like CF405S and CF405M are not recommended for detecting low abundance targets, because blue dyes have lower fluorescence and can give higher non-specific background t
Biotium CD4(EDU-2), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
Recognizes a protein of 55 kDa, identified as CD4. It is a membrane glycoprotein of T lymphocytes that interacts with major histocompatibility complex class II antigens and is also a receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus. This protein is expressed not only in T lymphocytes, but also in B cells, macrophages, and granulocytes. It is also expressed in specific regions of the brain. The protein functions to initiate or augment the early phase of T-cell activation, and may function as an important mediator of indirect neuronal damage in infectious and immune-mediated diseases of the central nervous system. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. This MAb was characterized as human CD4 antibody at II and IV International Workshop on Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens.Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightn
Biotium CD19(CD19/366), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
CD19 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that contains two extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains. CD19 is present in both benign and malignant B-cells and is considered to be the most reliable surface marker of this lineage over a wide range of maturational stages. In normal lymphoid tissue, CD19 is observed in germinal centers, in mantle zone cells, and in scattered cells of the inter-follicular areas. Anti-CD19 exhibits an overall immunoreactivity pattern similar to those of the antibodies against CD20 and CD22. However, in contrast to CD20, expression of CD19 is continuous throughout B-cell development and through terminal differentiation of B-cells into plasma cells. Anti-CD19 positivity is seen in the vast majority of B-cell neoplasms commonly at a lower intensity than normal B-cell counterparts. Plasma cell neoplasms are nearly always negative, as are T-cell neoplasms.Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels
Biotium S100A4 / Metastasin / Calvasculin (Marker of Tumor Metastasis)(CPTC-S100A4-3), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
S100A4 belongs to the S100 super-family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding domains. S100A4 has been implicated in the progression and prognosis of several forms of human cancer, e. g. breast, colorectal, gastric, pancreatic and bladder cancer, SCLC and oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, among others. Poor prognosis associated with high S100A4 expression is accompanied by clear signs of disease progression, e. g. high histological and clinical grades and involvement of lymph nodes. Also indicative of poor prognosis is high S100A4 expression coupled with reduced E-cadherin expression in pancreatic, oral squamous cell carcinoma and in melanoma. S100A4 expression is inversely related with expression of metastasis suppressor nm23 and with prognosis of breast cancer. S100A4 is overexpressed in highly metastatic cancers, which makes it useful as a marker of tumor progression. Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other
Biotium Myoglobin (Muscle Cell Marker)(MB/2105), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
Myoglobin is a cytosolic oxygen-binding protein responsible for the storage and diffusion of oxygen within myocytes. Expression of myoglobin is highest in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Myoglobin is well accepted as an O2-storage protein in muscle, capable of releasing O2 during periods of hypoxia or anoxia. In combination with other striated muscle markers such as vimentin and myogenin, myoglobin is helpful in the identification of rhabdomyosarcoma and tumors with skeletal muscle differentiation. Reportedly, myoglobin is expressed on epithelial cancer cells due to changed metabolic and environmental conditions. Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness and photostability. Note: Conjugates of blue fluorescent dyes like CF405S and CF405M are not recommended for detecting low abundance targets, because blue dyes have lower fluorescence and can give higher non-specific background tha
Biotium Mucin 3(MUC3/1154), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
This antibody recognizes a protein of HMW, identified as mucin 3 glycoprotein (MUC3). This MAb shows no cross-reaction with human milk fat globule membranes, MUC1, or MUC2. The Mucins are a family of highly glycosylated, secreted proteins with a basic structure consisting of a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) encoded by 60 base pairs (Mucin 1), 69 base pairs (Mucin 2) and 51 base pairs (Mucin 3). The number of repeats is highly polymorphic and varies among different alleles. Mucin 1 proteins are expressed as type I membrane proteins in addition to secreted forms. Mucin 1 is aberrantly expressed in epithelial tumors including breast carcinomas. Mucin 2 coats the epithelia of the intestines and airways and is associated with colonic tumors. Mucin 3 is a major component of various mucus gels and is broadly expressed in normal and tumor cells.Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional bri
Biotium ER-beta-1 (Estrogen Receptor beta-1)(ESR2/3207), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
Estrogen receptors (ER) are members of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors. Estrogen receptors, including ER-alpha and ER-beta, contain DNA binding and ligand binding domains and are critically involved in regulating the normal function of reproductive tissues. They are located in the nucleus, though some estrogen receptors associate with the cell surface membrane and can be rapidly activated by exposure of cells to estrogen. ER-alpha and ER-beta are differentially activated by various ligands. Receptor-ligand interactions trigger a cascade of events, including dissociation from heat shock proteins, receptor dimerization, phosphorylation and the association of the hormone activated receptor with specific regulatory elements in target genes. Evidence suggests that ER-alpha and ER-beta may be regulated by distinct mechanisms even though they share many functional characteristics. Primary antibodies are available purified, o
Biotium Desmoglein-3 (Squamous Cell Marker)(DSG3/2839), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
Recognizes a protein of 130 kDa, identified as Desmoglein-3 (DSG3). This MAb is highly specific to Desmoglein-3 and does not cross-react with other members of the Desmoglein-family. DSG3 is a calcium-binding transmembrane glycoprotein component of desmosomes in vertebrate epithelial cells. Research has shown that DSG3 has a very high sensitivity (80%) and specificity (100%) in recognizing squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC). Therefore, DSG3 is considered a very important marker for lung SqCC and can be a useful ancillary marker to separate SqCC from other subtypes of lung cancer. Moreover, studies have shown that DSG3 expression in lung SqCC may indicate a poor prognosis. Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness and photostability. Note: Conjugates of blue fluorescent dyes like CF405S and CF405M are not recommended for detecting low abundance targets, because blue dyes have low
Biotium Cytokeratin 13 (Non-Keratinized Squamous Epithelial Marker)(KRT13/2213), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
Cytokeratin 13 (KRT13) is the major acidic keratin, which together with KRT4, its basic partner, is expressed in the suprabasal layers of non-cornified stratified epithelia including tongue mucosa, esophagus, anal canal epithelium, tracheal epithelium, uterine cervix, and urothelium. Defects in the KRT13 gene are a cause of white sponge nevus of cannon (WSN), a rare autosomal dominant disorder, which predominantly affects non-cornified stratified squamous epithelia and is characterized by the presence of soft, white and spongy plaques in the oral mucosa. KRT13 has been used as a marker for non-keratinized squamous epithelium. It is also expressed in various squamous metaplasia, but it is down regulated in squamous dysplasia and squamous carcinoma. Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness and photostability. Note: Conjugates of blue fluorescent dyes like CF405S and CF405M a
Biotium HIF1 alpha (Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1-alpha)(ESEE122), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
HIF1 (hypoxia-inducible factor 1), a heterodimeric transcription factor complex central to cellular response to hypoxia, consists of two subunits (HIF-1 alpha and HIF-1 beta) which are basic helix-loop-helix proteins of the PAS (Per, ARNT, Sim) family. Expression of HIF-1 alpha protein is regulated by cellular oxygen level alterations as well as in oxygen-independent manner via different cytokines (through the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway), growth factors, oncogenic activation, or loss of tumor suppressor function etc. In normoxic cells, HIF-1 alpha is proline hydroxylated leading to a conformational change that promotes its binding to the VLH (von Hippel Lindau) protein E3 ligase complex; ubiquitination and followed by rapid proteasomal degradation. Hypoxia as well as chemical hydroxylase inhibitors (desferrioxamine, cobalt etc. ) inhibit HIF-1 alpha degradation and lead to its accumulation in the cells, whereas, contrastingly, HIF-1 beta/ARNT (AhR nuclear translocator) remains sta
Biotium MTAP (Tumor Suppressor Marker)(rMTAP/1813), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
Recognizes a protein of 31 kDa, which is identified as MTAP (5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase). It catalyzes the reversible phosphorolysis of methylthioadenosine, which is important in polyamine metabolism and for the salvage of adenine and methionine. The gene encoding MTAP is linked to the tumor suppressor gene, p16INK4A. Deficient levels of MTAP can occur in cancers primarily through co-deletion of the MTAP gene and the p16INK4A gene. Cells expressing MTAP and possessing adenine salvage pathway activity may be less susceptible to malignancy due to growth-inhibitory actions of agents (e. g. antifolates), whose mechanism of action, in part, involves this de novo purine pathway. Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness and photostability. Note: Conjugates of blue fluorescent dyes like CF405S and CF405M are not recommended for detecting low abundance targets, b
Biotium BOB.1 (B-Cell Marker)(BOB1/2422), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
BOB-1 is a transcriptional coactivator that specifically associates with either POU2F1/OCT1 or POU2F2/OCT2, boosting the promoter activity of those complexes. It is essential for the response of B-cells to antigens, required for the formation of germinal centers, and regilates IL-6 expression. BOB-1 expression in a variety of established B-cell lines, representing different stages of B-cell development, has suggested a constitutive, B-cell-specific expression pattern. LP cells in nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, because they are germinal center-derived, are consistently immuno-positive for BOB-1. Conversely, only some cases of classical Hodgkin lymphoma show BOB-1 immuno-reactivity within the Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells. Expression of BOB-1 has been reported in follicular center cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and some cases of acute myeloid leukemia. B-CLL, marginal zone lymphoma, and mantle cell lymphoma may show weak to moderate immunoreactivit
Biotium Calcineurin A / PPP3CA(CALNA/2353), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
This antibody recognizes the Calcineurin A alpha protein, encoded by the PPP3CA (Protein Phosphatase 3 Catalytic Subunit Alpha) gene. Calcineurin is an enzyme that dephosphorylates serine and threonine residues in proteins. It is a heterodimer of a 59 kDa catalytic A subunit and a 19 kDa regulatory B subunit that is activated by the binding of calcium ions and calmodulin. Calcineurin is expressed in many tissues, but its levels are highest in the brain, where it may play a role in learning and memory. It has many substrates, including NFAT, a transcription factor that is activated by dephosphorylation. Complexes of the immuno-suppressants cyclosporine and FK506 with immunophilin proteins such as cyclophilin and FKBP12 are potent and specific inhibitors of Calcineurin activity. Alterations in Calcineurin activity are suspected to play a role in cardiac hypertrophy and graft versus host disease in organ transplantation. Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection
Biotium Cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2)(COX2/1941), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
Prostaglandins are a diverse group of autocrine and paracrine hormones that mediate many cellular and physiologic processes. Prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) is an intermediate molecule in formation of the prostaglandins. Cyclooxygenase-1 (Cox-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) are prostaglandin synthases that catalyze the formation of PGH2 from arachidonic acid (AA). Cox-1 and Cox-2 are isozymes of prostaglandin-endoperoxidase synthase (PTGS). Cox-1 is constitutively expressed in most tissues and is thought to serve in general housekeeping functions. Cox-2 is efficiently induced in migratory cells responding to pro-inflammatory stimuli and is considered to be an important mediator of inflammation. Both enzymes are targets for the nonsteroidal therapeutic anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAIDs. COX2 expression is significantly increased in 85-90% of human colorectal adenocarcinomas whereas levels of COX-1 are not changed. Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent
Biotium ATRX / RAD54 (Alpha Thalassemia Mental Retardation) (39f), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
ATRX is a member of the Snf2 family of helicase/ATPases, which contribute to the remodeling of the nucelosome structure in an ATP-dependent manner, and facilitate the initiation of transcription and replication. Structurally, ATRX contains a PHD zinc finger motif. ATRX is regulated throughout the cell cycle where it is differentially distributed within the nucleus. During interphase, ATRX predominately associates with the nuclear matrix, while during mitosis, ATRX localizes with condensed chromatin. At the onset of M phase, phosphorylation rapidly induces this redistribution of ATRX to the short arms of human acrocentric chromosomes, where it then specifically complexes with heterochromatin protein 1 to mediate chromosomal segregation. Mutations in the ATRX gene correlate with a high incidence of severe X-linked form of syndromal mental retardation associated with alpha-thalassemia or ATRX syndrome. Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent